Good Queen Bess Essay - 799 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Good Queen Bess nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When Anne Boleyn gave birth to King Henry the eighths first born daughter, it changed the world’s history as we know it. His daughter, Elizabeth the 1st would have a huge impact on the culture, life and the way women are thought of in British history. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On Sept. 7th 1533, Elizabeth, the daughter of King Henry was born. The King of England wasn’t as thrilled since she wasn’t a boy, who would mean an heir to the throne, but it was still okay. Due to the fact that after 2 more births that resulted in death, Anne Boleyn was beheaded in 1936 when Elizabeth was only 3 years old. As her father continued to†¦show more content†¦The frail 16 year old died (1553) after just a couple of months as king. Then there was a fight for the throne. Elizabeth and Mary was both heiress to the throne and wanted to be queen. Mary finally took the throne and had Elizabeth placed in the tower†¦.the same tower that her mother, Anne was placed in at her time of execution. Mary’s intentions were just to keep her safe from any danger, since there was a risk for her being the princess. After a few months at throne, Mary thought she was pregnant due to her stomach swelling so large, she was 40 years old. Later it was discovered that she had a large ovarian cyst that would kill her. Now Elizabeth was Queen to the throne. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On Nov. 17th 1558, Elizabeth became the queen of England. She would rein till 1603 till her death. As queen she remained faithful to her people, fighting in war along side her armies and remaining single and never married. It was said that she was married to all of England since she and the country loved each other so much. She put so much time and energy in to her country and served them well. England prevailed thought the wars with Spain and had a supreme navel power that was in the 1600-that lasted till the 1700’s. Now there was a threat coming from MaryShow MoreRelatedElizabethan Age Nationalism Essay1512 Words   |  7 Pageslong before she became one of the most famous queens in history. Elizabeth’s grace and poise were honored from the start, but it was her intellect and vigor that ultimately won her the last word. She was their King, this virgin Queen that defined her life with the love of no man but a country of loyal subjects. England prospered in culture and religion as well as establishing itself as a world power, all during Elizabethan times. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, nationalism soared due to theRead MoreElizabeth I Research Paper1591 Words   |  7 Pagesaccession of Elizabeth II; 7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years after her birth.[1] Elizabeth was a different kind of Queen: quick-witted, clever and able to use feminine wiles to getRead More Queen Elizabeth Essay examples1227 Words   |  5 Pages Queen Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth, the first, proved to be a very good and loyal monarch to England. She brought about many changes, both good and bad. On September 7, 1533 a baby girl came into the world. Back then many parents would have been greatly disappointed to have had a baby girl, rather then a boy. However these parents were glad by the birth of their first child together. These proud parents were the king and queen of England, King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. 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She was the daughter of King Henry VII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth had a half sister from the king’s first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and also had a halfRead MoreElizabeth The First Was The Queen Of England And Ireland1692 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth the First was the Queen of England and Ireland from 1553 to 1603. She was the final and fifth monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Elizabeth had many talents, which enabled her to be a capable, strong leader. For many reasons Elizabeth was one of the most notable personalities of Tudor, one being that she kept stability in a nation that was troubled with political and religious rebellion. Against the pressures of parliament she maintained authority of the crown. She was able to transform England’sRead MoreQueen Elizabeth : The Last Tudor Monarch1409 Words   |  6 PagesAs the child of Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth was the last Tudor monarch who ruled En gland from 1558-1603, or Elizabethan Era. Before her reign, England experienced wars and unemployment, leaving many citizens starving and jobless. There were also religious conflicts, mainly between Protestant and Catholic, because of previous monarchs changing religion very often. Due to these conflicts, Queen Elizabeth was compelled to devote her time in resolving economic and religious conflicts. Despite numerousRead MoreShort Story1624 Words   |  7 Pagesevery need. When they had all approached, I proceeded to make them aware of the situation. â€Å"Ladies, you know of my aches and my irritability because of such. I only request that until my final moments have passed, you will remember I am still your Queen and obey me as such.† I watched as they all looked at each other quite concerned. â€Å"Pardon me madam, but what exactly are you implying?†, one of them asked, breaking the silence. Usually I would not indulge in such conversation and would dismiss themRe ad MoreA Brief Look at Sir Thomas Wyatt Essay877 Words   |  4 Pagesdegree in 1522. His early marriage to Elizabeth Brooke who was the daughter of Lord Cabham proved to be unhappy. The marriage ended in 1526, with Wyatt’s repudiation of his wife on the ground of adultery. After she had his two children, Thomas and Bess, Wyatt separated from his wife. They were not reconciled or divorced until 1541. Sir Thomas Wyatt also carried out several foreign missions. Most of the foreign missions Wyatt carried were for King Henry VIII. In 1525 Wyatt participated in the ChristmasRead MoreInfluential Kings in British History1513 Words   |  6 Pagesonce her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. She was the third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. Roman Catholics considered her illegitimate and she narrowly escaped execution in the wake of a failed rebellion against Queen Mary in 1554. Elizabeth succeeded the throne after Mary’s death in November 1558. She was very well educated (fluent in six languages), and had inherited intelligence, determination, and shrewdness from both parents. Her 45-year reign is generally

Social Phsycology Free Essays

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAMINATION (CH 12, 13, amp; 14) SPRING 2011 MULTIPLE CHOICE: 3 points each 1. An act performed voluntarily to help someone else when there is no expectation of receiving a reward is known as a. nurturance b. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Phsycology or any similar topic only for you Order Now altruism c. pro-social behavior d. modeling 2. True altruism is defined by a. the circumstances surrounding the behavior b. the person’s intentions c. the person himself or herself d. culture 3. Pro-social behavior is defined as a. any act that helps others, even if it is done to make yourself look good b. a voluntary act to help others with no thought of reward . helping that serves to perpetuate one’s genes d. none of the above 4. Ethan volunteers to help with the local Special Olympics in order to build up his resume for job hunting. His behavior would best be described as a. prosocial behavior b. altruism c. reactance d. reciprocity 5. Researchers have found that we are most likely to be helpful to a. anyone who asks b. strangers c. friends d. all of the above 6. Which of the following is NOT one of the theoretical perspectives on helping described in the text? a. evolutionary psychology b. a learning approach c. a decision-making perspective . social impact theory 7. Evolutionary psychologists have observed that a. prosocial behavior is rare among non-human animals b. prosocial behavior is common among primates, but not in other animal species c. prosocial behavior is observed among animals only when a mother is protecting her young d. prosocial behavior is common among non-human animals 8. Evolutionary theorists believe that altruism among animals and humans persists because a. helping provides the helper with emotional rewards b. helping increases survival value c. helping is rarely risky to the helper d. elping makes an individual appealing to potential sexual partners 9. The notion that any genetically determined trait that has a high survival value will tend to be passed on to the next generation is a cornerstone of a. evolutionary psychology b. genetic determinism c. learning theory d. the nature/nurture debate 10. Sociobiologist Robert Trivers has argued that only ________ is biologically based. a. prosocial behavior b. reactive altruism c. reciprocal altruism d. maternal altruism 11. Laws that require bystanders to an emergency to help a potential victim are based on a a. norm of reciprocity . norm of social justice c. norm of social responsibility d. diffusion of responsibility 12. Which country has the highest murder rate? a. Finland b. Great Britain c. Canada d. the United States 13. According to materials presented in your text, _____ percent of violent crimes are committed by strangers. a. 0. 6 b. 44 c. 56 d. 90 14. In explaining the origins of aggression, Freud focused on the concept of a. childhood learning b. pathological behavior c. instinct d. self-esteem 15. The definition of aggression as â€Å"any behavior that hurts others† would be the preferred definition of a. ognitive dissonance theorists b. exchange theorists c. social impact theorists d. learning theorists 16. One problem with a behaviorist definition of aggression is that does not take into account a. displacement b. learning history c. intentions d. sanctioned aggression 17. An unprovoked criminal act that hurts others would be considered __________ aggression. a. prosocial b. sanctioned c. aggressive d. retaliation 18. You see a television news report featuring a policeman foiling a bank holdup by killing two of the robbers. This is a case of a. reactance b. sanctioned aggression . prosocial aggression d. frustration-aggression 19. You see a television news report featuring a shopkeeper who shot and killed a masked gunman who was trying to rob his store. This is a case of a. covert aggression b. prosocial aggression c. social exchange d. sanctioned aggression 20. One of the most common sources of ________ is an attack or intrusion by another person. a. frustration b. anger c. low self-esteem d. reactance 21. The interference with or blocking of the attainment of a goal is known as a. frustration b. normative blocking c. reactance d. anger 22. A child who sees an adult on television hitting another person and then hits his little brother is engaging in a. disinhibition b. dehumanization c. imitation d. aggression anxiety 23. The realization that health is a psychological as well as a physical issue has given rise to the field of a. epidemiology b. oncology c. psychological anthropology d. health psychology 24. The study of health psychology focuses on a. preventing and treating illnesses b. promoting and maintaining health c. improving the healthcare system d. all of the above 25. The _____ model says health is social, biological, and psychological. . psychosocial b. sociological c. sociobiological d. biopsychosocial 26. Annual cancer deaths in the United States could be reduced by _____ percent if everyone stopped smoking. a. 5-10 b. 25-30 C. 55-60 d. 85-90 27. Your text describes disorders such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes as a. preventable b. epidemic c. political d. ecological 28. Deaths due to vehicular acci dents could be reduced by _____ percent if drunk driving were eliminated. a. 5 b. 20 c. 50 d. 85 29. Which of the following is described by your text as â€Å"preventable? † a. diabetes b. Heart disease c. Cancer d. All of the above 30. Which of the following is classified by your text as a â€Å"health behavior? † a. being no more than ten percent overweight b. not eating between meals c. eating breakfast each day d. all of the above 31. The reason many people do not engage in health behaviors is a. they do not know the behaviors most associated with better health b. they have biological predispositions that encourage unhealthy behavior c. the consequences of health behaviors often do not appear for many years d. all of the above 32. Which of the following is NOT a basic health belief, as identified in your text? a. general health values b. sychological reactance c. self-efficacy d. personal vulnerability T/F (1point each) 33. It is very rare for people to offer help to strangers. F 34. Freud is the person most associated with evolutionary approaches to helping. F 35. An uneven distribution of economic resources in a country is associated with higher murder rates. T 36. Most scientists agree that aggression is learned; it does not come from inherited tendencies. F 37. Health beliefs have not done a very good job of predicting most health behaviors. F 38. Adolescents who engage in risky sexual behaviors are unlikely to use condoms consistently. T How to cite Social Phsycology, Papers

Shakespeare also spelled SHAKSPERE, byname BARD OF Essay Example For Students

Shakespeare also spelled SHAKSPERE, byname BARD OF Essay AVON, or SWAN OF AVONEnglish poet, dramatist, and actor, often called the English national poet andconsidered by many to be the greatest dramatist of all time. Shakespeare occupies a position unique in world literature. Other poets, such asHomer and Dante, and novelists, such as Leo Tolstoy and Charles Dickens, havetranscended national barriers; but no writers living reputation can compare with thatof Shakespeare, whose plays, written in the late 16th and early 17th centuries for asmall repertory theatre, are now performed and read more often and in more countriesthan ever before. The prophecy of his great contemporary, the poet and dramatist BenJonson, that Shakespeare was not of an age, but for all time, has been fulfilled. It may be audacious even to attempt a definition of his greatness, but it is not sodifficult to describe the gifts that enabled him to create imaginative visions of pathosand mirth that, whether read or witnessed in the theatre, fill the mind and linger there. He is a writer of great intellectual rapidity, perceptiveness, and poetic power. Otherwriters have had these qualities, but with Shakespeare the keenness of mind wasapplied not to abstruse or remote subjects but to human beings and their completerange of emotions and conflicts. Other writers have applied their keenness of mind inthis way, but Shakespeare is astonishingly clever with words and images, so that hismental energy, when applied to intelligible human situations, finds full and memorableexpression, convincing and imaginatively stimulating. As if this were not enough, theart form into which his creative energies went was not remote and bookish butinvolved the vivid stage impersonation of human beings, commanding sympathy andinviting vicarious participation. Thus Shakespeares merits can survive translation intoother languages and into cultures remote from that of Elizabethan England. Next **Contents of this article:IntroductionShakespeare the manLifeEarly life in StratfordCareer in the theatrePrivate lifeEarly posthumous documentationThe tributes of his colleaguesAnecdotes and documentsPortraitsThe poet and dramatistThe intellectual backgroundPoetic conventions and dramatic traditionsChanges in languageShakespeares literary debtsTheatrical conditionsChronology of Shakespeares playsPublicationPoetic and dramatic powersThe early poemsThe sonnetsThe order of the poemsArtistic invention or real experienceHuman experience in the poemsThe early playsHenry VI, 1, 2, and 3The Comedy of ErrorsTitus AndronicusThe Two Gentlemen of VeronaThe Taming of the ShrewLoves Labours LostRomeo and JulietThe historiesThe Tragedy of King Richard IIIThe Tragedy of King Richard II1 Henry IV; 2 Henry IVKing JohnHenry VThe Roman playsAntony and CleopatraCoriolanusThe great, or middle, comediesThe outsiderWit and ambiguityThe great tragediesHamletOthelloKing LearMacbethTimon of AthensThe dar k comediesTroilus and CressidaAlls Well That Ends Well; Measure for MeasureThe late playsPericlesCymbelineThe Winters TaleThe TempestHenry VIIICollaborative and attributed playsShakespeares readingUnderstanding ShakespeareSympathetic exploration of the textsCauses of difficultyQuestions of authorshipThe claims put forward for BaconOther candidatesThe case for ShakespeareLinguistic and historical problemsTextual and editorial problemsOvercoming some difficultiesThe contribution of textual criticismHistorical, linguistic, and dramatic studiesLiterary criticismLiterary critics and the theatreThe progress of Shakespeare criticismShakespeares influenceMajor WorksPlaysPoemsBibliographyModern editionsBibliographiesTextual studiesBiographies and background studiesCritical studiesToolsE-mail this articlePrint this articleMore About This TopicArticleImagesIndex EntryInternet LinksMaps

Logistics costs free essay sample

Logistics cost form an important part of the overall cost structure in any organization. Focus needs to be on renegotiating freight and shipping rates, reduction in overall freight costs and streamlining operations. The following are the measures (ways) that can be used to reduce cost in logistics New carriers: The use of Constant market rate check is a best practice. Usually, logistics managers get into a comfort zone with the existing carriers. The organization should look on other carriers which offers lowest cost of transportation. Market rate check will bring to light other more economical operations. New carriers may be more flexible in their price. Freight costs: There are several options to optimize freight costs. Renegotiation of minimum billing to a minimum for a zone needs to be explored. Product delivery coordination is another useful tool to streamline freight costs. Arrangements with a number of smaller carriers also provide the best rate/best service combination. We will write a custom essay sample on Logistics costs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Internet offers excellent tools for comparing and optimizing freight costs. Improve shipping and receiving: Streamlining shipping and receiving practices will offer savings. This can happen through reduction of long time for receiving. Starting point should be mandating delivery appointments. A flow chart needs to be made of all the operations to determine wasteful processes and combining existing processes. Technology: Internet tools enable substantial reduction in paperwork. Documents are scanned and emailed to customs, ports etc. In case of cross border trade, documents needs to reach at least twenty four hours in advance to avoid delays at the border. Technology also allows coordination of all shipments to optimize loading. This minimize delays in delivery. Managing returns: Reverse logistics is an important element of freight costs. Most companies offer a liberal returns policy. If the customer is not satisfied with the product, it can be returned in a certain period depending on the seller. At times, the seller also arranges to pick it up. There should be streamlined processes so as to minimize costs associated with reverse logistics. Audit of freight costs: Use specialized agencies that provide post payment audit of freight bills. These agencies are usually paid on a profit sharing basis. These audits also provide valuable insight into patterns and other cost reduction opportunities. Deborah Catalano Ruriani explained other ways (measures) of Cost reduction as: 1. Eliminate supply chain bottlenecks. By periodically reviewing and analyzing their supply chain networks, companies can be able to pinpoint issues and proactively address them. Strategies to reduce or eliminate bottlenecks include addressing vessel schedule planning, ensuring proper documentation and regulatory compliance for imports and exports, and revamping network design. 2. Reduce inventory at the port, manufacturing sites, and warehouses. Companies often stock excess inventory because they lack supply chain visibility. To effectively reduce excess inventory, you have to gain reliable information on future orders. Visibility software can help. 3. Cut demurrage and detention fines. While an occasional fine may not seem like much, these costs can add up. Auditing carrier bills and tracking where issues occur in the supply chain can substantially cut fine payments. 4. Identify opportunities to shift modes. Without adequate visibility into logistics operations, a company may not realize that an air shipment could move by sea at a much lower cost. Companies that use technology to evaluate modal options typically see a five- to eight-percent cost reduction. 5. Use postponement strategies to divert inventory at an international gateway. A successful postponement strategy can dramatically lower forecasting errors as well as improve customer service by reducing out-of-stocks. Companies also can cut transport costs by reducing inventory misallocations and shipping more items in bulk. 6. Use preferential trade agreements. Companies that take advantage of preferential status can save millions in duties and taxes. A software system that automates the qualification process can save time and effort, as well as improve compliance and data accuracy. 7. Rebalance supply and fulfillment networks by determining tax-efficient sourcing and distribution strategies. Companies must periodically review their supply chain networks to assess duties and logistics costs, labor costs, regulatory controls, and global political climates. By comparing geographic options, taking into account the costs and regulations of each option, companies can optimize their supply chain. 8. Become a self-filer. Using technology to connect electronically with brokers lowers entry filing costs and reduces manual entry errors. It also can enable pre-clearance of goods at borders and reduce the number of staff needed internally to manage logistics operations while boosting productivity hence reduce cost. 9. Contro l your procurement process. By implementing a process-based workflow that includes tracking and managing order acceptance, consolidating invoices, creating shipments and generating documents— and by extending that process to trading partners— companies can reduce cycle times, cut supply chain execution costs, and better support compliance initiatives. 10. Implement performance management metrics and tools. Companies need a system, data, and tools to benchmark actions and make informed decisions. Developing a performance management process allows companies to manage service providers and critical cycle times to lower costs and continually improve performance 11. Understand the true costs of sourcing overseas. Calculate freight, duty, brokerage, and inventory carrying costs to support these lengthened supply chains. Also factor in such items as the costs of engineers flying overseas. Once you understand the true total landed cost and total impact to the business 12. Focus on eliminating the variability out of transit times. The more variable the transit times are, the more likely it is that the receiving party is using more premium freight, building buffers of inventory, or ordering more often and more quantity than necessary to compensate for the uncertainty. Understanding these dynamics can lead to the conclusion that paying higher freight costs to insure higher variability actually saves your company in total costs. 13. Control your express shipping costs. Typically when a company runs into a supply chain issue, it will have an entire shipment sent on an express/expedited (highest cost) service level basis. Panicking often results in higher costs. If the company would just do a little bit of calculating it can determine the amount of goods that are needed immediately and have that amount sent using express/expedited service level, while the balance of the shipment can be sent using a standard (lower cost) service level. 14. Informed decision-making. Provide to the decision-makers/customers of your logistics network the cost of freight for each service level, the reliability of each lane for each service level, and the true cost of carrying inventory so they can make informed decisions. People generally want to be good corporate citizens and will select the less expensive option that still meets their needs CHARACTERISTICS OF COST REDUCTION (HARD COST SAVINGS) The following are the characteristics of â€Å"Hard† cost savings, which is understood as tangible bottom line reductions are: year-on-year saving over the constant volume of purchased product/service, actions that can be traced directly to the Profit and Loss Account, direct reduction of expense or a change in process/technology/policy that directly reduces expenses, process improvements that result in real and measurable cost or asset reductions, examination of existing products or services, contractual agreements, or processes to determine potential changes that reduce cost, and net reductions in prices paid for items procured when compared to prices in place for the prior 12 months or a change to lower cost alternatives. COST AVOIDANCE (SOFT COST SAVINGS) â€Å"Soft† cost avoidance is much more difficult to define. The following are Suggested definitions, which includes: Cost avoidance is a cost reduction that does not lower the cost of products/services when compared against historical results, but rather minimizes or avoids entirely the negative impact to the bottom line that a price increase would have caused, when there is an increase in output or capacity without increasing resource expenditure, in general, the cost avoidance savings are the amount that would have been spent to handle the increased volume or output, and Cost avoidances include process improvements that do not immediately reduce cost or assets but provide benefits through improved process efficiency, employee productivity, improved customer satisfaction, improved competitiveness, over time to mention the few, cost avoidance often becomes cost savings. N. B: Cost avoidance is a cost reduction that results from a spend that is lower than the spend that would have otherwise been required if the cost avoidance exercise had not been undertaken. This accounts for the situations where spend is higher due to higher demand but overall cost per unit is lower, where up-front investments reduce overall spend in one or more categories over a multi-year initiative, and where a process improvement or product replacement resulted in a lower operating cost or cost per unit compared to what the company would have spent had the company not improved the process or replaced the product. To Sum up, if the organization adopts this open definition of cost avoidance, and maintains a document of common examples and their associated metrics, which is updated each time a new type of project is encountered that could result in a cost avoidance, the organization can fully quantify the â€Å"hard† and â€Å"soft† savings delivered by the sourcing team to the management team. Measures of Cost Avoidance: Resisting or delaying a supplier’s price increase, this is one of the ways of cost avoidance whereby the organization use techniques to resist or delay supplier price increase in avoiding cost. Use of purchase price that is lower than the original quoted price, The organization purchases its requirements at a lower price than what was initially quoted by the supplier so as to avoid cost. Value of additional services at no cost, the firm makes sure it avoid or prevent cost by making sure after sale services are obtained for free for instance installation, free training. Long-term contracts with price-protection provisions,the firm enters into long term contracts with the aim of cost sharing with the supplier. Introduction of a new product or part number requiring a new material purchases and spend is lower. COST REDUCTION CHALLENGES Some of the challenges faced by a company as they seek to assess cost reduction include: Cancellation of net savings due to an increase in the business unit’s cost structure, Supply management’s role in the cost savings allocation decision, Chronology of supply management’s involvement and the need for budget cuts, Visibility, in terms of systems, people, and metrics, Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) concept for purchases items/services, Multi-year issues in cost savings, and Creating a proper incentive structure for supply management personnel. TYPES OF COST REDUCTION AND AVOIDANCE The following are types of cost reduction and avoidance that need to be recognized as valid cost savings. This section presents some types of cost reduction and cost avoidance that can contribute significantly to the organization’s bottom line. Negotiated Discounts against Material Cost Increases If the products being sourced are primarily made from a commodity whose average market price or index has increased significantly since the last sourcing cycle, and a buyer manages to negotiate a price that increases less than the increase in underlying material costs since the last sourcing event, this is a valid cost avoidance. Substitution If a buyer manages to find another product that performs the same function, or is able to collaborate with a supplier to produce a functionally equivalent specification that is more economical to produce, then the buyer has obtained a cost reduction on behalf of the organization.. Waived Fees This form of cost avoidance is quite self-explanatory. For example, if a supplier normally charges an installation fee for a new piece of equipment, but the buyer is able to negotiate free installation, than this would be an example of cost avoidance of the waived fee variety. Another example would be free training or services. However, this is one example where the cost avoidance is not equal to what the vendor quotes, but what the market average for the service is.. Inventory Reduction This occurs when the buyer comes up with a strategy to reduce the inventory that the organization needs to hold at any given time. Since all inventories is associated with a carrying cost, inventory reduction often represents significant cost savings to an organization over time. Inventory can be reduced when a buyer finds a supplier who can handle a shorter lead time or when inventory is turned over to a vendor who specializes in inventory management (Vendor Managed Inventory). Process Improvement Processes consume overhead, and overhead costs money. Thus, any significant process improvement could represent a significant cost avoidance to an organization. However, unlike the other types of cost avoidance, process improvement cost reductions can be a bit tricky to evaluate. The key is to look at the average number of units of product or work produced per day, week, or month prior to the improvement and the number of units of product or work produced per day, week, or month after the improvement and calculate a percentage improvement N. B: By doing this, the organization will have clearly defined cost reduction efforts, tied them to savings, defined their relative importance, and defined the share of the credit that will go to supply management in a cross-functional initiative. The organization will also have avoided the problem where the team over concentrates on finding â€Å"hard† dollar savings, which is a serious problem if raw material and energy costs keep rising significantly and the largest savings potential is in the â€Å"soft† savings realized by long-term process and product improvements. Transloading to Maximize Cost Savings By Deborah Catalano Ruriani Tags: Transportation Management Transloading offers a cost-effective way to bring ocean containers inland to distribution centers. By transferring cargo without sorting the contents for shipment to a single destination, transloading services can reduce total landed costs, and—when combined with value-added services such as palletizing and shrink-wrapping—reduce handling at the destination. Jeff McCorstin, senior vice president of air and ocean products for UPS Global Freight Forwarding, offers these tips for maximizing savings with transloading services. 1. Understand general transloading rules. Transloading offers the greatest cost savings when ocean containers can be consolidated into fewer, larger domestic trailers. The cargo in three 40-foot ocean containers typically fits into two 53-foot domestic trailers. 2. Ensure overall transportation savings outweigh additional handling costs. Sometimes the savings are negated for destinations located farther east from the U. S. West Coast discharge port. 3. Consider palletizing cargo during transloading. To best use space in ocean containers, cargo is rarely palletized at the point of origin. Palletize during the transloading process to improve distribution center (DC) handling efficiency. 4. Factor transloading into transit time estimates. Unloading, handling, and reloading ocean container cargo near the port of discharge takes time. Allow up to three days to ensure customer delivery commitments are met. 5. Ensure your cargo fits the bill. Transload operators charge additional fees for containers with more than a certain number of cartons. The additional costs for containers with several thousand small cartons could offset any transportation savings. 6. Ensure handling flexibility by making Customs entry at the port. While it is a common practice to clear ocean containers at their final inland destinations, it is better to make entry at the port of discharge. This ensures maximum flexibility in handling cargo, and eliminates the need to move the shipment in-bond, saving additional costs. 7. Increase supply chain efficiency with merge-in-transit offerings. This type of deconsolidation allows importers to combine products arriving in containers from different origins/shippers by transloading near the port of arrival into domestic trailers. And if importers source from domestic suppliers—who may also have product arriving via container—this cargo can be merged in transit to arrive together at the designated DC. 8. Use transloading to expedite delivery to final destination. Transloading near the port of discharge provides the flexibility to bypass DCs and speed delivery to the end customer. The reduced DC handling charges and improved time in transit can help trim supply chain costs. 9. Avoid costly containers. Instead of shipping less-than-containerload, 20-foot, or light-loaded 40-foot containers from multiple overseas vendors to your inland DC, ship fully loaded/optimized containers to a single container freight station near the port of discharge. From there, they can be transloaded, merged in transit with other inbound cargo, and shipped to the final destination using the transport mode that best fits the importers needs. 10. Set up transloading programs in advance. Having your service provider involved in coordinating with the origin forwarder translates into better service levels and reliability. Flexible Structure Flexible operations are preplanned contingency strategies to prevent logistical failures. A typical emergency occurs when an assigned shipping facility is out of stock or for some other reason cannot complete a customer’s order. For example, a warehouse may be out of an item with no replenishment inventory scheduled to arrive until after the customer’s specified order delivery date. To prevent back-ordering or delivery cancellation, a contingency operating policy may assign the total order, or at least those items not available, for shipment from an alternative warehouse. The use of flexible operations is typically based on the importance of meeting the needs of a specific customer or the critical nature of the product being ordered. A flexible logistics capability that has gained popularity as a result of improved communications involves procedures for serving predetermined situations as part of the basic logistical strategy. The flexible logistics rule and decision scenarios specify alternative ways to meet specific service requirements, such as assignment of the order to different shipping facilities or changing methods of delivery. A strategy that utilizes flexible operations is common practice in four different situations. First, the customer designated delivery facility might be near a point of equal logistics cost or equal delivery time from two different logistics facilities. Customers located at such points offer the supplying firm an opportunity to fully utilize available inventory and logistical capacity. Orders can be serviced from the facility having the best inventory position or the available transportation capacity to achieve timely delivery. This form of flexible logistics offers a way to fully utilize system capacity by balancing workloads between facilities while protecting customer service commitments. The benefit is operating efficiency, which is transparent to the customer, who experiences no service deterioration. A second situation justifying flexible distribution is when the size of a customer’s order creates an opportunity to improve logistical efficiency if serviced through an alternative channel arrangement. For example, the lowest-total-cost method to provide small shipment delivery may be through a distributor. In contrast, larger shipments may have the lowest total logistical cost when shipped factory direct to customers. Provided that alternative methods of shipment meet customer delivery expectations, total logistical cost may be reduced by implementing flexible policies. A third type of flexible operation may result from a selective inventory stocking strategy. The cost and risk associated with stocking inventory require careful analysis to determine which items and how much to place in each warehouse. With replacement parts, a common strategy mentioned earlier is to stock selected items in specific warehouses with the total line being stocked only at a central facility. In general-merchandise retailing, a store or distribution center located in a small community may stock only a limited or restricted version of a firm’s total line. When customers desire nonstocked items, orders must be satisfied from an alternative facility. The term master facilities is often used to describe inventory strategies that designate larger facilities for backup support of smaller restricted facilities. Selective inventory stocking by echelon level is a common strategy used to reduce overall inventory risk. The reasons for selective stocking range from low product profit contribution to high per-unit cost of inventory maintenance. One way to operationalize a fine-line inventory classification strategy is to differentiate stocking policy by system echelons. In situations following such classified stocking strategies, it may be necessary to obtain advanced customer approval for split-order delivery. However, in some situations firms that use differentiated inventory stocking strategies are able to consolidate customer orders while intransit for same-time delivery, thereby making the arrangement customer transparent. The fourth type of flexible operations results from agreements between firms to move selected shipments outside the established echeloned or direct logistics arrangements. Two special arrangements gaining popularity are flow through cross-docks and service supplier arrangements. A cross-dock operation involves shipments from multiple suppliers arriving at a designated time at the handling facility. Inventory receipts are sorted by destination across the dock and consolidated into outbound trailers for direct delivery. Cross-dock operations are growing in popularity in the retail industry for building store-specific assortments and are common methods of continuous inventory replenishment for mass merchants. Cross-docking of merchandise direct from manufacture to a customer’s retail store eliminates the work and cost associated with utilizing distribution warehouses. Another form of flexible operations is to use integrated service providers to consolidate products for delivery. This is similar to consolidation for transportation purposes discussed in the previous section of this chapter. However, as a form of flexible logistics, specialists are used to avoid storage and handling of slow-moving products through the mainstream of the echeloned logistics structure. Such service providers can also provide important value-added services. For example, Starbucks Coffee Company has a long standing relationship with OHL, a logistics service provider. Starbucks has approximately 17,000 company-owned and licensed retail outlets. OHL provides logistical support to Starbucks by offering the typical range of 3PL services plus technology support. This operating relationship has existed for over a decade. Figure 2. 5 introduces flexibility to the logistical operating structures previously illustrated. A prerequisite to effective flexible operations is the use of information technology to monitor inventory status throughout the logistical network and provide the capability to rapidly switch methods for servicing customer orders. The use of flexible operations in emergency situations has a well-established track record. The overall improvement in information technology is resulting in flexible operations becoming an increasingly important part of basic logistics strategy. Cutting Costs From Your Logistics Budget By Tags: Supply Chain Management If you want to reduce logistics costs, you have to take the time to review your processes. Nathan Pieri, senior vice president of marketing and product management for Rutherford, N. J. -based Management Dynamics, offers these tips for trimming your logistics budget. 10 tips for reducing supply chain logistics costs Aug. 9, 2005 Bernie Hart EMAIL Tweet Comments 0 As companies continue to manufacture and source materials from overseas, controlling costs remains a top priority for those involved in international trade. One key factor that should be monitored more closely is logistics management, which covers all activities relating to the procurement, transport, transshipment and storage of goods. Depending on the industry sector, supply chain logistics costs account from 5% to 50% of a product’s total landed cost. Some issues effecting logistics costs: Fuel prices remain high and ports continue to experience delays, resulting in higher transportation fees. Increasingly complex international trade laws and security measurements threaten to lengthen delivery times and increase warehousing costs. According to a recent report by TechnologyEvaluation. com, a typical air-freight shipment takes eight to twelve days. Of this, the cargo is en route only 5% of the time. The rest is spent sitting in warehouses waiting for the required documents and compliance checks. Following are 10 Tips on Reducing Supply Chain Logistics Costs: 1. , that domestic buy may look a lot better. Sourcing from Ohio to your U. S. plant, distribution center or customer may, in the long run, be more cost effective than sourcing from China. 23. Tariff engineering. Strategically source and manufacture products to take advantage of classification duty rates and eligibility for special trade programs such as NAFTA. 4. Consolidate. If you have multiple suppliers in one country, consolidate their goods into one shipment. In addition, if you always have LCL (less than container load) shipments out of one country, try to find another LCL importer of goods from that country. You may be able to partner and consolidate to a more cost-effective FCL (full container load) shipment. 5.. 6. Sometimes insurance doesn’t pay. Often when a company has a shipment of premium goods they tend to use the Carrier’s Insurance. Carriers Insurance is very expensive. If the company is self insured, which most companies are, they should check their insurance policy to see if it covers shipment of goods. If it does, then they do not need to add the extra cost of Carrier’s Insurance. 7. Automate compliance processes. Companies that implement software solutions to automate trade compliance are able to speed the cycle times associated with tasks being performed manually, such as document preparation, and eliminate the associated errors. Automated compliance procedures also bring fewer delays at border crossings, resulting in on-time delivery, adequate inventory levels, increased customer satisfaction, and the avoidance of fines. 8.. 9. Planes, trains and automobiles. Which is cheapest? In general, rail is more cost-effective than trucking or air. Water is cheaper than air shipment. No matter the mode of delivery, always try to get three quotes for movements. 10. Be aware of non-tariff trade barriers. Companies need to be more aware of the increasing level of non-tariff trade barriers that are in force to reduce sweat shop labor and support human rights and animal welfare issues. These restrictions can bring importers increased liability and compliance costs.

McDonalds Company Analysis

McDonalds Company Analysis There are a number of local business establishments which are characterized by a properly chosen JIT (just-in-time) philosophy and helpful approaches to manufacturing planning and obligatory control (Vollmann et al., 2005). Each industry develops considerably taking into account customers’ demands, expectations, and interests; and one of the most successful industries is considered to be the food one.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s: Company Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modern business environment undergoes numerous changes day by day, this is why each establishment has to take particular steps in order to grow and gain prosperity required. McDonald’s is the fast food business establishment chosen for the analysis in this paper. This company is one of the most successful examples of how JIT philosophy turns out to be helpful to organize services, satisfy customers, and cre ate products in accordance with customers’ expectations. The essence of JIT philosophy is all about minimizing waste that is possible during the process of manufacturing in order to â€Å"subdivide waste into time, energy, material, and errors† (Vollmann et al., 2005, p. 301). The success of JIT is possible in case service operations remain repetitive, qualitative, and innovative. In other words, JIT philosophy that is used by the representatives of McDonald’s establishment has to involve all types of manufacturing-like operations and services. For this organization, it is not enough to demonstrate the quality of services and products in one particular place and time but promote this quality in broader meaning: for example, â€Å"in order to ensure process quality, it industrialized the service delivery system so that all workers would be able to provide the same eating experience around the world† (Lai Cheng, 2009, p. 16). To make use of JIT philosophy properly and succeed in the chosen business, it is very important to identify what McDonald’s’ customers may expect from this establishment. Martin (2008) admits that â€Å"satisfaction is based on expectations† (p. 75). What McDonald’s’ visitors may expect is a high quality of food, fast services of good quality, and comfortable environment.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The evaluation of the production process steps helps to define strong and weak sides of McDonald’s. First, this company aims at providing the best quality of food at lower prices within a short period of time. It means that the main steps of the production process should be getting the order from the customer, transmitting information to the other department, using the best technologies to prepare necessary food fast, proper communication with customer, and satisfaction of customer’s need by providing the order. The process of how the production is introduced to the customer looks like this: The main point about this flowchart is the presence of standardized and non-standardized process steps which may influence the quality of service and its speed. High quality of services and fast speed provided are the major advantages of McDonald’s company. This is why to support the chosen way of service, it is very important to define standardized production and try to improve its quality as frequent as possible. The organization under consideration makes use of standard production like hamburgers, cheeseburgers, or fish burgers (innovation). The customer who comes to this fast food organization is already aware about the variety of possibilities, this is why less time is spend to make a choice and to prepare the order. As for some non-standardized process steps, they are connected to the quality of food that may be required by the customer. The effectiveness of the process that is demonstrated by McDonald’s is evident indeed. First of all, many people are eager to visit this establishment all the time. It means that they are satisfied with the services and the quality of food and that they have already done their choice and they are satisfied with it. As for my personal opinion about the effectiveness of the process and services presented, I think that McDonald’s is one of the most successful and caring organizations in regards to their customers. They try to present fast services; they pay attention to each customer; and they work for people to save people’s time and efforts. The idea to create McDrive is another powerful attempt that helps to attract more customers and demonstrate that good and fast services are still possible and available for people. To improve the process, several ways may be used.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s: Comp any Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the most evident problems in many countries is connected to lack of places for customers. Very often, when people make orders and get their fast food ready, they are deprived of the opportunity to find a free table to enjoy the meal. This is why to attract more attention, it is possible to enlarge establishments and give people more space. In this case, all customers may come to this fast-food restaurant and be sure to get an order quickly and find a free space to have a rest. In general, the quality of service in McDonalds is good indeed. People know what to expect from this establishment; they can even evaluate how much time they should spend at this restaurant; and what is more important they know that prices are stable there, and their costs may be evaluated beforehand. Reference List Lai, K Cheng, C.E. (2009). Just-In-Time Logistics. Farnham: Gower Publishing Limited. Martin, N. (200 8). Habit: The 95% of Behavior Marketers Ignore. Saddle River: Pearson Education. Vollmann, T.E., Berry, W.L., Whybark, D.C., Jacobs, F.R. (2005). Manufacturing Planning and Control for Supply Chain Management. New York: McGraw Company.

The Politics of Delinquency Prevention in America Essay

The Politics of Delinquency Prevention in America - Essay Example Delinquency, to be very specific, juvenile crime is on the rise in America by the year or it so appears, is more or less the common prelude of all statements of general public, elected officials, Juvenile Justice Department, child welfare and child care workers and advocates. It is time everyone had asked a question to one self; how can I help bring down juvenile delinquency? The answer is simple and clear – Honesty in approach. General public/parents that are the beneficiaries and benefactors of delinquency prevention must be honest and committed in their vision and approach. All parents must be aware of one simple fact that although their children are being protected in the best possible ways, they are exposed to other children who may have delinquency tendencies. A look at the risk factors contributing to delinquency emerging from pregnancy/infancy to toddler years to midchildhood, parents play a larger role. From midchildhood to midaddolescence apart from parents, school and community start contributing their share. If parents are extra cautious, influence of school/peer and community could be minimized. Parents can act as PANACEA to the problem of delinquency by demanding honesty and commitment in their approach for clear vision of the programmes. Parents/public must voice their feelings and play pro-active role in the design of content and approach of these programmes. They must also insist on the Government to give top priority to child care and child welfare programmes. Further, they must also mount pressure on the elected officials to be honest in their vision and approach toward these programmes cutting across party line and

It is over 100 years since The Principles of Scientific Management was Essay

It is over 100 years since The Principles of Scientific Management was first published. How relevant are Taylor's ideas for un - Essay Example This paper will look at the scientific management theory 100 year later and the influence that it has on understanding work organizations in the present day. Scientific management theory is part of the wider aspect of economic efficiency that was recurring theme in the late 19th century and early 20th century aimed at increasing efficiency in the way humanity carried out its activities, decreasing waste from processes and using empirical methods to make decisions rather than accepting pre existing ways of doing things (Rowlinson, 1988, p378). In political and sociological terms, scientific management can be seen as division of labour that has been done logically with its consequences being deskilling of the worker and dehumanisation of the workers and the workplace (Peci, 2009, p294). In his work, Taylor noted that some workers were more talented than others and even the best of the workers in most cases remained unmotivated, he also noted that most of the workers who were coerced to perform repetitive tasks usually worked at a slow rate, he called this behaviour ‘soldering (Jones, 2000, p640). When given a similar pay, Taylor found out that the employees were likely to do the equal quantity of work as the laziest of them all. This behaviour showed that all workers were interested in their own self benefit and they were not willing to work harder if they were not guaranteed of an additional income. Taylor concluded that they way organizations had been set in relation to work ethics was such that it encouraged inefficiency among the workers. From this observation, Taylor posited that time and motion studies combined with rational analysis and synthesis could provide one of the nest methods to perform any particular task, which could not be done by the methods that were present during that particular time. Taylor argued that the amount of compensation that was given to the employees would only equal the amount of work that the employee was willing to perfor m. The scientific management theory started at a time when automation and mechanisation existed but they were not fully applied in the production process. This is was attributable to the fact that in those days’ people did not have any idea that the scientific management process was the required ingredient that would see the shift of production as being done only by humans to production that would be supported by machines. In his scientific management theory, Taylor had a complicated view on workers. At one time, he addressed some of their concerns in terms of the remuneration that they got as a result of their works, while at another time, he compared them, especially the less intelligent ones with draft animals (Ackroyd & Bolton, 1999, 372). However, with in relation to workers, Taylor’s scientific management theory had a few shortcomings. One is that the theory did not acknowledge individual differences among the workers in the sense that the most efficient way of w orking for one worker, may be the most inefficient for another worker. Secondly, the financial interests between the workers and the management are different therefore, the measurement process and the retraining of workers did not usually get support from the workers. Taylor argued that all tasks that an employee was assigned could be organised in such a way that the productivity of the worker would increase and that his scientific theory of management was more effective than the usual ‘